Fathom

Fathom was originally a land measuring term derived from the Ango-Saxon word "faetm" meaning to embrace.

In those days, most measurements were based on average size of parts of the body, such as the hand (horses are still measured this way) or the foot (that's why 12 inches are so named).

A fathom is the average distance from fingertip to fingertip of the outstretched arms of a man — about six feet. Since a man stretches out his arms to embrace his sweetheart, Britain's Parliament declared that distance be called a "fathom" and it be a unit of measure. A fathom remains six feet.

The word was also used to describe taking the measure or "to fathom" something. Today, of course, when one is trying to figure something out, they are trying to "fathom" it.

Naval Coastal Battery

Naval Coastal Battery is the branch of armed forces concerned with operating anti-ship artillery or fixed gun batteries in coastal fortifications. It was also used as observation posts for soldiers who guarded the harbour.

It has been held as a general rule of thumb, that one shore-based gun equalled three naval guns of the same calibre, due to the steadiness of the coastal gun which allowed for significantly higher accuracy than their sea-mounted counterparts. Land-based guns also benefited in most cases from the protection of walls or earth mounds which gave the guns an added measure of protection.

The use of coastal artillery expanded during the Age of Discoveries, in the 16th century; when a colonial power took over an overseas territory, one of their first tasks was to build a coastal fortress, both to deter rival naval powers and to subjugate the natives. The Port Siloso at Sentosa is an excellent example of a widely used coastal fort which mounted defensive artillery, in this case muzzle-loading cannon. During the 19th century China also built hundreds of coastal fortresses in an attempt to counter Western naval threats.

Three Mile Limit

The original three-mile limit was the recognized distance from a nation's shore over which that nation had jurisdiction. This border of international waters or the "high seas" was established because, at the time this international law was established, three miles was the longest range of any nation's most powerful guns, and therefore, the limit from shore batteries at which they could enforce their laws. (International law and the 1988 Territorial Sea Proclamation established the "high seas" border at the 12-mile limit.)

 

Snake Boat Race

Man and Cheer Ship

Manning and Cheering ship as a collective mark of respect in honour of a person or of another ship is a very old custom. In the days of sail the yards and shrouds were manned as well as the decks, but now a days only decks are manned. Some example of occasions on which this mark of honour is paid are: visit of Sovereign to the Fleet, the entry into port of ships which have shared a victory, the final departure of a ship from a foreign station on her way home to pay-off.

New Year's Day - Striking 16 Bells

It is the custom for the youngest member of the ship's company to "ring out the Old Year and ring in the New" by striking 16 bells at midnight on the New Year's Eve.

Navigator's Chronometer

Next in line, and still within the orbit of the "happy ship," comes the navigator.  With the ship at sea and under way "The Pilot" seldom leaves his navigating bridge. In harbour there are his charts to correct and a number of small jobs such as checking range-finder ranges which help the gunnery officer. He also has charge of the ship's chronometers - and here again tradition steps in. 

Time was when a ship's chronometer, used for determining by calculation the ship's precise longitude at any moment, were one of the most important items of her equipment. Latitude, the other geographical dimension, could always be found from the sun at noon, or the Pole-star at night; but to find the longitude necessitated a very accurate time-keeper which was never allowed to run down and of which the error on Greenwich time was known accurately to a second from day to day.

Since in the knowledge of a ship's position at sea lies the safety of the ship the responsibility for the care of and the regular winding of the chronometers was always paramount - not only for the officers, but also for the men.

And how easy it is to forget to wind a watch or a clock - we all know that, But chronometers must not be forgotten - and, moreover, they must be wound at the same time each day. So the problem of clock forgetfulness was overcome by the simple process of requiring a Colour Sergeant, to follow the navigating officer (whose duty it is to wind the chronometers) like a shadow from eight a.m. onwards until the job has been done. Once they are wound, the "shadow" reports to the captain – "Chronometers wound" - a simple report but one which, in the old days before the advent of wireless time-signals, held in its grasp the safety of all on board. Even to-day, with wireless  pips" going almost every half-hour from one station or another, the tradition of safety is maintained and the report continues.

Semaphore

Semaphore Flags are a system for conveying information at a distance by means of visual signals with hand-held flags, rods, disks, paddles, or occasionally bare or gloved hands. Information is encoded by the position of the flags; it is read when the flag is in a fixed position. It is still used during underway replenishment at sea and is acceptable for emergency communication in daylight or, using lighted wands instead of flags, at night.

The newer flag semaphore system uses two short poles with square flags, which a signalman holds in different positions to signal letters of the alphabet and numbers. The signalman holds one pole in each hand, and extends each arm in one of eight possible directions. Except for in the rest position, the flags cannot overlap. The flags are coloured differently based on whether the signals are sent by sea or by land. At sea, the flags are coloured red and yellow (the Oscar flag), while on land, they are white and blue (the Papa flag). 

Displacement of a ship

A ship's displacement is its mass at any given time, generally expressed in metric tons or long tons. The term is often used to mean the ship's mass when it is loaded to its maximum capacity. A number of synonymous terms exist for this maximum mass, such as loaded displacement, full load displacement and designated displacement. Displacement is a measurement of mass, and should not be confused with similarly named measurements of volume or capacity such as net tonnage, gross tonnage, or deadweight tonnage.

The word displacement refers to the mass of the water that the ship displaces while floating. Another way of thinking about displacement is the amount of water that would spill out of a completely filled container, were the ship to be placed into it. A floating ship always displaces an amount of water of the same mass as the ship.

The density (mass per unit of volume) of water can vary. For example, the average density of seawater at the surface of the ocean is 1025 kg/m³ (10.25 lb/gallon, 8.55 lb/US gallon), fresh water on the other hand has a density of about 1000 kg/m³ (10.00 lb/ga, 8.35 lb/US gallon). Consider a 100-ton ship passing from a saltwater sea into a freshwater river. It always displaces exactly 100 tons of water, but it has to displace a greater volume of fresh water to amount to 100 tons. Therefore it would sit slightly lower in the water in the freshwater river than it would in the saltwater sea.

It can be useful to know a ship's displacement when it is unloaded or partially loaded. Terms for these measurements include light displacement, standard displacement, and normal displacement. These terms are defined fully below.

Mediterranean Mooring

In some harbours where there is sufficient room to berth many ships alongside, ships may be obliged to berth at right-angles to a jetty, with their sterns secured to it by berthing lines and their anchors(s) laid out ahead.

This type of mooring can only be employed where there is a negligible range of tide, and is commonly used in Mediterranean ports; for this reason it is often called the Mediterranean (or Med) moor. 

The major considerations are to veer sufficient cable so that the ship can swing clear of other ships at the berth when leaving, to lay the anchors sufficiently far apart to make the ship more secure in wind, and to ensure the anchors do not foul those of other ships. 

In a shallow harbour it is recommended that a frigate veers about 4 shackles of cable on each anchor, and that cables are spanned with and included angle of about 50 degrees, so as to make the ship more secure in a wind. It is obvious, however, that to berth will not be safe if a gale blows from abeam.

If such weather is forecast it is advisable to put to sea or seek a sheltered anchor berth. Ships fitter with a single anchor can, in theory, carry out a Med moor; however, the single anchor will hold the bows steady only in benign weather conditions.

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a lowered body temperature less than 95 degrees F. Cold water near-drowning is considered a submersion accident often leading to unconsciousness or coma in water temperatures of 70 degrees F or less. A long submersion time is considered 4 to 6 minutes or greater.


Hypothermia may be mild, moderate, or severe. The presentation may range from shivering and piloerection ("goosebumps"), to profound confusion, irreversible coma and death. Significant hypothermia begins at temperatures of 95 degrees F and below. The lowering of the body temperature occurs as the body is robbed of heat by the surroundings.


Water conducts body heat away up to 26 times faster than air of the same temperature. Normal body functions slow down with decreasing heart rate, decreasing respiratory and metabolic rate. Thinking is impaired and speech becomes confused. Reflexes are slowed and muscles become stiff and unusable. Then dangerous life-threatening heart rhythms develop which are hard to reverse.
Hypothermia is the opposite of hyperthermia, the condition that causes heat exhaustion and heat stroke.


Hypothermia describes a state in which the body's mechanism for temperature regulation is overwhelmed in the face of a cold stressor. All survivors should know that hypothermia is a potential killer.

Port Hole

The word "port hole" originated during the reign of Henry VI of England (1485). King Henry insisted on mounting guns too large for his ship and the traditional methods of securing these weapons on the forecastle and aftcastle could not be used.

A French shipbuilder named James Baker was commissioned to solve the problem. He put small doors in the side of the ship and mounted the cannon inside the ship. These doors protected the cannon from weather and were opened when the cannon were to be used. The French word for "door" is "porte" which was later Anglicized to "port" and later went on to mean any opening in the ship's side, whether for cannon or not.

What is Fathom ?

Fathom was originally a land measuring term derived from the Ango-Saxon word "faetm" meaning to embrace.


In ancient days, most measurements were based on average size of parts of the body, such as the hand (horses are still measured this way) or the foot (that's why 12 inches are so named).


A fathom is the average distance from fingertip to fingertip of the outstretched arms of a man - about six feet. Since a man stretches out his arms to embrace his sweetheart, Britain's Parliament declared that distance be called a "fathom" and it be a unit of measure. A fathom remains six feet. The word was also used to describe taking the measure or "to fathom" something.


Today, of course, when one is trying to figure something out, they are trying to "fathom" it.

How GPS Works

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a world-wide 24 hour navigation positioning system operated by the US Department of Defence. It consists of a Ground Control Segment, a Space Segment and a User Equipment Segment. The User equipment segment is what is commonly known as a GPS receiver.

 

24 earth-orbiting satellites in six different orbits form the Space Segment . (There are also 3 or 4 operational spares in orbit at any one time.) Each satellite circles 10,900 nautical miles above the earth in orbits inclined at an angle of 55 degrees to the equator. Each satellite transmits precision timing signals (derived from onboard atomic clocks) on two frequencies, L1 and L2. A separate channel on each frequency is dedicated to each satellite.

 

The navigation messages broadcast on the L1 frequency contain two codes, one for civilian use, and another encrypted code for military use. The L2 broadcast contains a second set of navigational messages, which when combined with the encrypted code in the L1 frequency, can resolve positions to less than 20 meters. Known as the Precise Positioning Service (PPS), this service is available only to the US military, and its allies.

The non-encrypted codes in the L1 frequency, (available to civilian users), provide the Standard Positioning Service (SPS). 

When GPS was in its initial testing phases it was found that this service provided position fixes that were far more accurate than was originally intended, so SPS accuracy was intentionally degraded by the introduction of random errors in the timing signal--reducing the position fixing accuracy of GPS to 100 meters 98% of the time. This intentional degradation of the timing signal was known as Selective Availability (SA), and constituted over half the total GPS error prior to May 1, 2000. (The satellite clock need only be "dithered" by a few millionths of a second to create the desired effect. That is why, in spite of SA, GPS time is the most accurate clock you will have on board your vessel.)

 

However, recognizing the importance of GPS to the civilian economy, the United States Government removed Selective Availability on May 1, 2000. Now the single largest contributor to GPS error is interference with the broadcast signals caused by the ionosphere (a shell of electrically charged particles that surrounds the earth.) Now a GPS position is expected to be accurate within 20 meters.

Each satellite also broadcasts "Almanac" and "Ephemeris" messages. Your earthbound GPS receiver uses the almanac to determine which satellites are above the horizon and what channels they are broadcasting on. The receiver then locks on to the most appropriate satellites for fixing a position. Given the exact time the navigation message was broadcast, and knowing the time it was received, the GPS receiver determines the amount of time it takes for the coded signal to travel from the satellite to your antenna. From there it is a simple computation to determine the actual distance between the satellite and your GPS antenna.

 

From this point, the GPS receiver calculates a position in the same way as a human navigator using radar ranges. The ephemeris message tells the receiver the exact location of the satellite when the message was broadcast, and since the receiver now knows the distance to the satellite, it calculates that it must be on the surface of an imaginary sphere, centered on the satellite. Where that sphere intersects with the surface of the earth, a Circle of Position ( COP) is formed.

From two satellites the receiver calculates two COP's, which cross at two possible positions. To determine which position is the correct one, a third satellite range is needed. Thus, for a receiver at sea level, a minimum of three satellites are needed to determine a two-dimensional position. For aircraft, and vehicles on land, which operate above sea level, a fourth satellite is needed to determine a three-dimensional position (including altitude).

Satellite timing signals are subject to small errors, so each orbiting satellite is closely monitored from five sites around the world (The Ground Control Segment). The main control facility at Falcon Air Force Base, Colorado, makes minor adjustments to keep the system within its prescribed limits of accuracy--(20 meters).

Naming a ship

The procedures and practices involved in Navy ship naming are the products of evolution and tradition, rather than of legislation. In most of the navies, ships are regarded as female, while Russian ships were considered male. More recently, the US Navy has decided to defer to the Associated Press style guide, and refer to ships as "it" - a practice that may improve the post-service employment opportunities of Navy News Service writers, but that does nothing to instill a sense of tradition in the sea services.

Custom adhered to by navies in naming their ships is that a name is only repeated in a later vessel if the predecessor went out of service honourably -- through being sold to another owner, scrapped, or lost by enemy action. The name of a ship destroyed by fire or lost in collision or grounding is not repeated.  It would perhaps be more appropriate to decide each case on its merits, but the custom seems quite inflexible.

CALCULATION OF APPROXIMATE BREAKING STRENGTH

CALCULATION OF APPROXIMATE BREAKING STRENGTH  AND SAFE WORKING LOAD  FOR MANILA ROPE

Method of finding the Breaking Strength (B.S) is to divide the square of the diameter of the rope in millimetres by 200.
Example of a diameter 24mm Manila Rope:
Breaking strength = diameter² / 200
= 24² / 200
= 576 / 200
= 2.88 tonnes (approx. 3 tonnes)

Safe Working Load (S.W.L)
Method of finding the Safe Working Load (S.W.L) is to divide the Breaking Strength by factor of safety.

The following factors of safety for ropes are used generally:
Lifts and hoist - 12
Running rigging and slings - 8
Other purposes - 6
Safe Working Load = Breaking Strength / Safety Factor
= 3 tonnes / 6
= 0.5 tonnes

CALCULATION OF APPROXIMATE BREAKING STRENGTH (B.S) AND SAFE WORKING LOAD (S.W.L) FOR POLYPROPYLENE ROPE

Method of finding the Breaking Strength (B.S) is to divide the square of the diameter of the rope in millimetres by 77 tonnes.
Example of a diameter 24mm Polypropylene Rope:
Breaking strength = diameter² / 77
= 24² / 77
= 576 / 77
= 7.48 tonnes (approx. 7 tonnes)

Method of finding the Safe Working Load (S.W.L) is to divide the Breaking Strength by a safety factor of 6.
Safe Working Load = Breaking Strength / Safety Factor
= 7 tonnes / 6
= 1.18 tonnes( approx. 1 ton)

CALCULATION OF APPROXIMATE BREAKING STRENGTH (B.S) AND SAFE WORKING LOAD (S.W.L) FOR POLYETHYLENE ROPE

Method of finding the Breaking Strength (B.S) is to divide the square of the diameter of the rope in millimetres by 106 tonnes.
Example of a diameter 24mm Polyethylene Rope:

Breaking strength = diameter² / 106
= 24² / 106
= 576 / 106
= 5.43 tonnes (approx. 5 tonnes)

Method of finding the Safe Working Load (S.W.L) is to divide the Breaking Strength by a safety factor of 6. 

Safe Working Load = Breaking Strength / Safety Factor
= 5 tonnes / 6
= .83 tonnes

Fire Ship

A fire ship, used in the days of wooden rowed or sailing ships, was a ship filled with combustibles, deliberately set on fire and steered (or, where possible, allowed to drift) into an enemy fleet, in order to destroy ships, or to create panic and make the enemy break formation. Ships used as fire ships were usually old and worn out or purpose-built inexpensive vessels.

Warships of the age of sail were highly vulnerable to fire. Made of wood, with seams caulked with tar, ropes greased with fat, and stores of gunpowder, there was little that would not burn. Accidental fires destroyed many ships, so fire ships presented a terrifying threat.

With the wind in exactly the right direction a fire ship could be cast loose and allowed to drift onto its target, but in most battles fire ships were equipped with skeleton crews to steer the ship to the target (the crew were expected to abandon ship at the last moment and escape in the ship's boat). Fire ships were most devastating against fleets which were at anchor or otherwise restricted in movement. At sea, a well-handled ship could evade a fire ship and disable it with cannon fire. 

Other tactics were to fire at the ship's boats and other vessels in the vicinity, so that the crew could not escape and therefore might decide not to ignite the ship, or to wait until the fire ship had been abandoned and then tow it aside with small maneuverable vessels. 

During the period of the Crusades their use was frequent. Their use peaked during the 18th and 19th centuries, with fireships a permanent part of any naval fleet, ready to be deployed whenever necessary, such as the Battle of Tripoli Harbor.

"Bravo Zulu"

This is a naval signal, conveyed by flaghoist or voice radio, meaning "well done"; it has also passed into the spoken and written vocabulary. It can be combined with the "negative" signal, spoken or written NEGAT, to say "NEGAT Bravo Zulu," or "not well done."

There are some "myths and legends" attached to this signal. The one most frequently heard has Admiral Halsey sending it to ships of Task Force 38 during World War II. He could not have done this, since the signal did not exist at that time.

"Bravo Zulu" actually comes from the Allied Naval Signal Book (ACP 175 series), an international naval signal code adopted after the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created in 1949. Until then, each navy had used its own signal code and operational manuals. World War II experience had shown that it was difficult, or even impossible, for ships of different navies to operate together unless they could readily communicate, and ACP 175 was designed to remedy this.

In the U.S. Navy signal code, used before ACP 175, "well done" was signaled as TVG, or "Tare Victor George" in the U.S. phonetic alphabet of that time. ACP 175 was organized in the general manner of other signal books, that is, starting with 1-flag signals, then 2-flag and so on. The 2-flag signals were organized by general subject, starting with AA, AB, AC, ... AZ, BA, BB, BC, ... BZ, and so on. The B- signals were called "Administrative" signals, and dealt with miscellaneous matters of administration and housekeeping. The last signal on the "Administrative" page was BZ, standing for "well done."

At that time BZ was not rendered as "Bravo Zulu," but in each navy's particular phonetic alphabet. In the U.S. Navy, BZ was spoken as "Baker Zebra." In the meanwhile, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) had adopted English as the international air traffic control language. They developed a phonetic alphabet for international aviation use, designed to be as "pronounceable" as possible by flyers and traffic controllers speaking many different languages. This was the "Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta..." alphabet used today. It was then that "Baker Zebra" finally became "Bravo Zulu."

Piping

The history of the boatswains call can be traced as far back as 1248, when Greece and Rome used galley slaves. However in 1671 it officially became known as the boatswains call and found a place in the English Navy as a tool for passing orders, making it an honoured badge of rank.

Parts of the Boatswains Call

Hole: The whole which the air passes over to create sound, like blowing over a bottle.

Gun: The long tube that runs along the top of the call, and allows air to travel through.

Shackle: Often used as a guide on where to put your thumb when holding the call. The shackle allows the call to be attached to a boatswains chain.

Keel: The flat bottom piece which forms the body of the call. Named after the keel of a boat.

Buoy: The ball at the end which air resonates in through the hole on top. Named after a round floating buoy.

Holding A Boatswains Call

Hold your call in your right hand between the index finger and your thumb so that the thumb is near the shackle. The buoy should rest in the palm of your hand, but make sure its pointed slightly outward so your hand will not obstruct the hole.

Notes And Tones of the Boatswain Call

Two Notes

Low note: The low note is sounded by steadily blowing into the mouthpiece of the gun, with your fingers extended straight upwards as to not obstruct the hole or sound.

High note: This note is played by controlling air exiting the buoy by closing your fingers around the call in a cup shape, taking care not to touch the hole.

Three Tones

Plain Note: The plain note is represented on a chart by a steady line. It is played by blowing steadily into the call.

Warble: The warble is represented on the chart by a wavy line. You make the warble tone by blowing a series of jerks unsteadily, making a similar sound to a canary. However there is a debate as some people believe it should be played by rapidly moving the hand from the high to low position.

Trill: The trill is shown on the chart with a staccato or jagged line. It is produced by vibrating the tongue, or rolling the letter R. Canadians should know it from "R-R-R-R-R-ROll Up The Rim To Win"

Note: In addition to the notes and tones, some pipes will also require a sharp finish, which is created by suddenly blocking the gun with the tongue to end the pipe sharply.

Pipes

The pipes are reason for using a call. These are comparable to songs you would play on an instrument, but are simpler and much shorter. These are used for passing commands and orders.

The Still

The still is a call used to pipe all hands to attention as a mark of respect, or to order silence on occasions such as rounds, colours, sunset, or to stop all work to prevent an accident.

The still is played by blowing a high note for 8 seconds.

The Carry On

The carry on is usually played after the reason for the still is completed. It signals all hands they can carry on with their duties or new orders.

The carry on consists of a high note for 1 second, then a low note for one second.

General Call

The General Call is used to precede any broadcast and is usually used for piping the ships daily routine. It draws attention to the upcoming order.

The general call starts off low then makes a quick transition to a high note which is held for 3 seconds, then drops to the low note where it has a sharp finish.

The Side

The side has many uses, the most important of which are the following:

1. When the Commanding Officer, or a foreign naval officer (in uniform), or a commodore and above:

a) Comes alongside in a boat.

b) Is coming on board

c) Is going ashore

2. When a corpse or body is taken aboard or ashore.

3. When a body is committed to the sea in a funeral at sea.

The side starts with a low note held for 4 seconds, a high note for 4 seconds, and back to the low note for 4 seconds. This 12 second pipe requires you to take a deep breath before playing, otherwise you will cut the call short.

Hands to Dinner

This pipe is played at 1200 when the crew secures the ship and gets ready to commence the mid-day meal. This pipe is never played at any other mealtime such as supper. No order procedes this pipe as it is a unique order within itself. This pipe is very long (30 seconds) and very difficult to play. Pride is often taken among those who can succesfully play it.

Pipe Down

The pipe down is usually played at 2230, or whatever time that is set in the routine orders for the crew to retire. This pipe is also an order in itself and doesn't require a verbal order proceeding it. When it is played during the day it means that the ship will be having a 'Sunday routine' for the rest of the day. ( Sunday routine allows the crew to relax and retire with no remaining duties)

Where to Buy


Boatswain's call can be bought at Amazon 

Naval Terminologies

There are different explanations heard during my career in the navy.

Port side mean the left side when looking forward from the stern of the boat. Starboard means the right side when looking forward from the stern. Starboard is originally an anglo-saxon word literally meaning "right-side" or "right-board" and larboard is from the french baboard or the anglo-saxon bœc-bord. Anyway, there are discrepancies about what how port came from larboard, but basically it has stuck because larboard was too easily confused with starboard.

The another believe is, Centuries ago, what we now refer to as a rudder was lashed to the right side of the vessel. It was called a 'larboard.' When the vessel came into port, the captain didn't have much choice about which side to use since he could damage his steering gear if he had trouble. This must have led to term port side and larboard side..

Another interesting explanation is that Starboard was a walking board that hung off the right side of the boat. In the ancient days, navigators were depended on stars for navigational aid. The navigator of the ship used this Starboard to walk out where he could see the stars without the sails, masts and boat lights getting in the way. When the ship came in to Port, it could not port on the right side of the ship, or it would break the Starboard. So the left side of the ship was known as the Port side, and the right side was called the Starboard side.

Remember the lighting scheme of Port and Starboard? The Port light of an approaching vessel is RED; (Red Port wine). The red light tells you to give way to the other vessel. The Starboard light is GREEN which means you have right of way.

It is interesting to note that this practice carried over into aviation. Passengers almost always enter planes from the left, or port, side even though aircraft now have full sized doors on both sides


Abaft the beam: Said of the bearing of an object which bears between the beam and the stern (further back than the ship's middle).
Abaft: A relative term used to describe the location of one object in relation to another, in which the object described is farther aft than the other. Thus, the mainmast is abaft the foremast (in back of).
Abandon ship: Get away from the ship, as in an emergency.
Abeam: The bearing of an object 90 degrees from ahead (in a line with the middle of the ship).
Able bodied seaman: The next grade above the beginning grade of ordinary seaman in the deck crew.
Aboard: In the vessel (on the ship).
Aboveboard: Above decks; without concealment of deceit (out in the open).
Abreast: Abeam of (alongside of).
Accommodation ladder: The portable steps from the gangway down to the waterline.
Admiral: Comes from the Arabic "Emir" or "Amir" which means "First commander" and "Al-bahr which means "the sea". Emir-al-barh evolved into Admiral.
Adrift: Loose from the moorings (not tied or secured).
Afloat: Floating.
Aft: At, near, or toward the stern (back end).
Aground: Resting on the bottom.
Ahoy: A call used in hailing a vessel or boat (hey!).
Air tank: A metal air-tight tank built into a boat to insure flotation even when the boat is swamped.
Alee: To the leeward side (away from the wind).
Alive: Alert (pep it up!).
All hands: The entire crew.
All standing: To bring to a sudden stop.
Aloft: Above the upper deck (above).
Alongside: Side to side.
Amidships: In or towards the middle of a ship in regard to length or breadth (center of).
Anchor: A device or iron so shaped to grip the bottom and holds a vessel at anchor by the anchor chain.
Anchor bar: Wooden bar with an iron shod, wedge: shaped end, used in prying the anchor or working the anchor or working the anchor chain. Also used to engage or disengage the wild-cat.
Anchor chain: Heavy, linked chain secured to an anchor for mooring or anchoring.
Anchor lights: The riding lights required to be carried by vessels at anchor.
Anchor watch: The detail on deck at night, when at anchor, to safeguard the vessel (not necessarily at the anchor; a general watch).
Anchor's aweigh: Said of the anchor when just clear of the bottom (leaving or moving).
Anchorage: A place suitable for anchoring.
Ashore: On the shore (on land).
Astern: The bearing of an object 180 degrees from ahead (behind).
Athwartships: At right angles to the fore-and-aft line of the vessel (sideways-across).
Avast: An order to stop or cease hauling (stop action at once).
Awash: Level with the water (water ready to, or slightly covering decks).
Awning: A canvas canopy secured over the ship's deck as a protection from the weather (covering).
Aye, aye, sir: The reply to an officer's order signifying that he is understood and will be obeyed (I understand).
Bail: To throw water out of a boat; a yoke, as a ladder bail (rung).
Ballast tanks: Double bottoms for carrying water ballast and capable of being flooded or pumped out at will.
Ballast: Heavy weights packed in the bottom of a boat or ship to give her stability.
Batten down: To make watertight. Said of hatches and cargo (tie up or secure).
Beachcomber: A derelict seaman found unemployed on the waterfront, especially in a foreign country (seaman without a ship).
Beam wind: A wind at right angles to a vessel's course (wind blowing at the ship's side.)
Bear a hand: To assist or help.
Bear down: To approach (overtake or come up to).
Bearing: The direction of an object (with reference to you, your ship, another object).
Becalmed: A sailing vessel dead in the water due to lack of wind (not moving).
Becket: A rope eye for the hook of a block. A rope grommet used in place of a rowlock. Also, a small piece of rope with an eye in each end to hold the feet of a sprit to the mast. In general any small rope or strap used as a handle.
Belay: To make fast as to a pin or cleat. To rescind an order (tie up).
Belaying pin: A wooden or iron pin fitting into a rail upon which to secure ropes.
Bells: see Ships Time
Belly strap: A rope passed around (center) a boat or other object for hanging.
Below: Beneath the deck (under).
Bend: The twisting or turning of a rope so as to fasten it to some object, as a spar or ring.
Berth: A vessel's place at anchor or at a dock. Seaman's assignment.
Between decks: The space between decks. The name of the deck or decks between the ceiling and main deck.
Bight: Formed by bringing the end of a rope around, near to, or across its own part.
Bilge: The curved part of a ship's hull where the side and the flat bottom meet.
Binnacle: The stand, usually of brass or non-magnetic material in which the compass rests and which contains the compensating magnets (compass holder).
Bitter end: The last part of a rope or last link in an anchor chain.
Bitts: A pair of vertical wooden or iron heads on board ship, used for securing mooring or towing lines. Similar to dock bollards.
Black gang: Member of the engine-room force, which included the engineers, firemen, oilers, and wipers.
Block and block: Same as two blocks.
Block: An apparatus consisting of an outside shell and a sheave through which a rope may be passed (pulley).
Boat-fall: A purchase (block and tackle) for hoisting a boat to its davits.
Bollard: An upright, wooden or iron post to which hawsers or mooring lines may be secured.
Boom: A spar used for fore and aft sails.
Boom cradle: A rest for a cargo-boom when lowered for securing for sea.
Boot-topping: The anti-corrosive paint used on and above the waterline.
Bos'n: Shortening of the old term "boatswain," an unlicensed member of the crew who supervises the work of the deck men under direction of the first mate.
Bos'n's chair: The piece of board on which a man working aloft is swung.
Bos'n's chest: The deck chest in which the bos'n keeps his deck gear.
Bos'n's locker: The locker in which the bos'n keeps his deck gear.
Bow: The forward part of a vessel's sides (front).
Bowsprit: A spar extending forward from the stem.
Boxing the compass: Calling names of the points of the compass in order.
Break ground: Said of anchor when it lifts clear of the bottom.
Breaker: A small cask for fresh water carried in ship's boats. A sea (wave) with a curl on the crest.
Bridge: The raised platform extending athwartships, the part of the ship from which the ship is steered and navigated.
Bright work: Brass work, polished (also varnished wood work in yachts).
Bulkhead: Transverse or longitudinal partitions separating portions of the ship ("walls" in a ship).
Bunk: Built-in bed aboard ship.
Bunker: Compartment for the storage of oil or other fuel.
By the board: Overboard (over the side).
By the head: Deeper forward (front end deepest in water).
By the Run: To let go altogether.
Cabin: The captain's quarters. The enclosed space of decked-over small boat.
Cable-laid: The same as hawser-laid. 
Cable-length: 100 fathoms or 600 feet (6 feet to a fathom).
Cable: A chain or line (rope) bent to the anchor.
Calm: A wind or force less than one knot (knot: 1 nautical mile per hour).
Camel: A wooden float placed between a vessel and a dock acting as a fender.
Capstan-bar: A wooden bar which may be shipped in the capstan head for heaving around by hand (to heave up anchor or heavy objects by manpower).
Capstan: The vertical barrel device used to heave in cable or lines.
Captain of the Head: A guy who gets Head (toilet) cleaning detail.
Cardinal points: The four principal points of the compass: North, East, South and West.
Cast off: To let go.
Caulk: To fill in the seams with cotton or oakum.
Chafe: To wear the surface of a rope by rubbing against a solid object.
Chafing gear: A guard of canvas or rope put around spars, mooring lines, or rigging to prevent them from wearing out by rubbing against something.
Chain locker: A compartment forward where the chain cable is stowed.
Charley Noble: The galley smoke-pipe (cook's stove pipe), named after The English sea captain who was noted for the scrupulous cleanliness and shine of the brass aboard his ship.
Check: To ease off gradually (go slower and move carefully).
Chief mate: Another term for first mate.
Chief: The crew's term for the chief engineer.
Chock: A heavy wooden or metal fitting secured on a deck or on a dock, with jaws, used for the lead or to guide lines or cables.
Choked: The falls foul in a block. The falls may be chocked or jammed intentionally for a temporary securing (holding).
Cleat: A fitting of wood or metal, with horns, used for securing lines (tying up).
Clipper bow: A stem curving up and forward in graceful line.
Coaming: The raised frame work around deck openings, and cockpit of open boats (hatch coaming).
Cockpit: The well of a sailing vessel, especially a small boat, for the wheel and steerman.
Colors: The national ensign.
Cofferdam: The space between two bulkheads set close together, especially between fuel tanks (two walls separated to use for drainage or safety).
Coil: To lay down rope in circular turns.
Coming around: To bring a sailing vessel into the wind and change to another tack. One who is influenced to a change of opinion.
Cork fenders: A fender made of granulated cork and covered with woven tarred stuff.
Cradle: A stowage rest for a ship's boat.
Crossing the line: Crossing the Equator.
Crow's nest: The platform or tub on the mast for the look-out.
Cut-water: The foremost part of the stem, cutting the water as the vessel forges ahead.
Davit: A curved metal spar for handling a boat or other heavy objects.
Dead ahead: Directly ahead on the extension of the ship's fore and aft line.
Dead light: Steel disc, that is dogged down over a porthole to secure against breakage of the glass and to prevent light from showing through.
Derelict: An abandoned vessel at sea (a danger to navigation).
Dip: A position of a flag when lowered part way in salute (method of salute between vessels, like planes dipping wings).
Displacement: The weight of the water displaced by a vessel.
Distress signal: A flag display or a sound, light, or radio signal calling for assistance.
Ditty-bag: A small bag used by seamen for stowing small articles.
Doldrums: The belt on each side of the Equator in which little or no wind ordinarily blows.
Dolphin: A cluster of piles for mooring.
Double up: To double a vessel's mooring lines.
Dowse: To take in, or lower a sail. To put out a light. To cover with water.
Draft: The distance from the surface of the water to the ship's keel (how deep the ship is into the water).
Drag: A sea anchor contrived to keep a vessel's head to the wind and sea.
Dressing ship: A display of national colors at all mastheads and the array of signal flags from bow to stern over the masthead (for special occasions and holidays).
Dry dock: A basin for receiving a vessel for repairs, capable of being pumped dry (to repair vessel and scrape marine growth from bottom).
Dungarees: Blue working overalls.
Eagle Flies: Pay day
Easy: Carefully (watch what you're doing).
End-for-end: Reversing the position of an object or line.
End seizing: A round seizing at the end of a rope. 
Ensign: (1) The national flag. (2) A junior officer.
Even keel: Floating level (no list).
Fake: A single turn of rope when a rope is coiled down.
Fake down: To fake line back and forth on deck.
Fantail: After deck over counter. The part of a rounded stern which extends past the rearmost perpendicular.
Fathom: Six feet. Comes from the Dutch word "fadom" which was the distance between fingertips of outstretched hands.
Fend off: To push off when making a landing.
Fender: Canvas, wood or rope used over the side to protect a vessel from chafing when alongside another vessel or a dock.
Fid: A tapered wooden pin used to separate the strands when splicing heavy rope.
Field day: A day for general ship cleaning.
Flemish down: To coil flat down on deck, each fake outside the other, beginning in the middle and all close together.
Fo'c'sle: A modem version of the old term "forecastle," or bow section of the ship, where the crew lived.
Fog horn: A sound signal device (not necessarily mechanically operated).
Fog-bound: Said of a vessel when forced to heave to or lie at anchor due to fog.
Fore peak: The part of the vessel below decks at the stem.
Forecastle: A compartment where the crew lives.
Forefoot: The heel of the stem where it connects to the keel.
Foul: Jammed, not clear.
Fouled hawse: Said of the anchor chain when moored and the chain does not lead clear of another chain.
Founder: To sink (out of control).
Freeboard: The distance from the surface of the water to the main deck or gunwale.
Freeing port: A port in the bulwark for the purpose of freeing the deck of water.
Freighter: A ship designed to carry all types of general cargo, or "dry cargo."
G.I.: Anything of Government Issue.
Gantline: A line rove through a single block secured aloft.
Garboard strake: The strake next to the keel (running fore and aft).
Gather way: To attain headway (to get going or pick up speed).
Gear: The general name for ropes, blocks and tackles, tools, etc. (things).
Gilguy (or gadget): A term used to designate an object for which the correct name has been forgotten.
Gipsey (gypsey): A drum of a windlass for heaving in line.
Glass: Term used by mariners for a barometer.
Glory hole: Steward's quarters.
Go adrift: Break loose.
Golden Slippers: Tan work shoes issued to U.S. Maritime Service trainees
Grapnel: A small anchor with several arms used for dragging purposes.
Grating: A wooden lattice-work covering a hatch or the bottom boards of a boat; similarly designed gratings of metal are frequently found on shipboard.
Graveyard watch: The middle watch.
Green sea: A large body of water taken aboard (ship a sea).
Ground tackle: A term used to cover all of the anchor gear.
Grounding: Running ashore (hitting the bottom).
Gunwale: The upper edge of a vessel or boat's side.
Hail: To address a vessel, to come from, as to hail from some port (call).
Half-mast: The position of a flag when lowered halfway down.
Halliards or halyards: Ropes used for hoisting gaffs and sails, and signal flags.
Hand lead: A lead of from 7 to 14 pounds used with the hand lead line for ascertaining the depth of water in entering or leaving a harbor. (Line marked to 20 fathoms.)
Hand rail: A steadying rail of a ladder (banister).
Hand rope: Same as "grab rope" (rope).
Hand taut: As tight as can be pulled by hand.
Hand: A member of the ship's company.
Handybilly: A watch tackle (small, handy block and tackle for general use).
Hang from the yards: Dangle a man from one of the yard arms, sometimes by the neck, if the man was to be killed, and sometimes by the toes, if he was merely to be tortured. A severe punishment used aboard sailing ships long ago. Today, a reprimand.
Hatch: An opening in a ship's deck for passageway or for handling cargo or stores.
Hawse buckler: An iron plate covering a hawse hole.
Hawse-pipes: A pipe lead-in for anchor chain through ship's bow.
Hawser: A rope used for towing or, mooring.
Hawser-laid: Left-handed rope of nine strands, in the form of three three-stranded, right-handed ropes. 
Head: The ship's water closet (toilet or wash-room). The upper edge of a quadrilateral sail.
Head room: The height of the decks, below decks.
Heart: The inside center strand of rope.
Heave: To haul or pull on a line; to throw a heaving line. 
Heave around: To revolve the drum of a capstan, winch or windlass. (Pulling with mechanical deck heaving gear).
Heave away: An order to haul away or to heave around a capstan (pull).
Heave in: To haul in.
Heave short: To heave in until the vessel is riding nearly over her anchor.
Heave taut: To haul in until the line has a strain upon it.
Heave the lead: The operation of taking a sounding with the hand lead (to find bottom).
Heave to: To bring vessel on a course on which she rides easily and hold her there by the use of the ship's engines (holding a position).
Heaving line: A small line thrown to an approaching vessel, or a dock as a messenger.
Hemp: Rope made of the fibers of the hemp plant and used for small stuff or less than 24 thread (1.75 inch circumference). (Rope is measured by circumference, wire by diameter.)
High, wide and handsome: Sailing ship with a favorable wind, sailing dry and easily. A person riding the crest of good fortune
Hoist away: An order to haul up.
Holiday: An imperfection, spots left unfinished in cleaning or painting.
Hold: The space below decks utilized for the stowage of cargo and stores.
Holy stone: The soft sandstone block sailors use to scrub the deck, so-called, because seamen were on their knees to use it.
Horse latitudes: The latitudes on the outer margins of the trades where the prevailing winds are light and variable.
House flag: Distinguishing flag of a merchant marine company flown from the mainmast of merchant ships.
House: To stow or secure in a safe place. A top-mast is housed by lowering it and securing it to a lowermast.
Hug: To keep close.
Hulk: A worn out vessel.
Hull down: Said of a vessel when, due to its distance on the horizon, only the masts are visible.
Hurricane: Force of wind over 65 knots.
Ice-bound: Caught in the ice.
Inboard: Towards the center line of a ship (towards the center).
Irish pennant: An untidy loose end of a rope (or rags).
Jack: The flag similar to the union of the national flag.
Jack Tar: Sailors were once called by their first names only, and Jack was their generic name. Tar came from seamen's custom of waterproofing clothing using tar.
Jacob's ladder: A ladder of rope with rungs, used over the side.
Jam: To wedge tight. 
Jettison: To throw goods overboard.
Jetty: A landing wharf or pier; a dike at a river s mouth.
Jews harp: The ring bolted to the upper end of the shank of an anchor and to which the bending shackle secures.
Jolly Roger: A pirate's flag carrying the skull and cross-bones.
Jump ship: To leave a ship without authority (deserting).
Jury rig: Makeshift rig (emergency rig).
Keel: The timber or bar forming the backbone of the vessel and running from the stem to the stempost at the bottom of the ship.
Keel-haul: To tie a rope about a man and, after passing the rope under the ship and bringing it up on deck on the opposite side, haul away, dragging the man down and around the keel of the vessel. As the bottom of the ship was always covered with sharp barnacles, this was a severe punishment used aboard sailing ships long ago. Today, a reprimand.
Keep a sharp look-out: A look-out is stationed in a position to watch for danger ahead. To be on guard against sudden opposition or danger.
King-spoke: The upper spoke of a steering wheel when the rudder is amidships, usually marked in some fashion (top spoke of neutral steering wheel).
Kink: A twist in a rope. 
Knock off: To stop, especially to stop work.
Knocked down: The situation of a vessel when listed over by the wind to such an extent that she does not recover.
Knot: Speed of 1 nautical mile per hour (1.7 land miles per hour).
Knot: A twisting, turning, tying, knitting, or entangling of ropes or parts of a rope so as to join two ropes together or make a finished end on a rope, for certain purpose.
Labor: A vessel is said to labor when she works heavily in a seaway (pounding, panting, hogging and sagging).
Ladder: A metal, wooden or rope stairway.
Lame duck: Term for disabled vessel that had to fall out of a convoy and thus became easy prey for submarines.
Landlubber: The seaman's term for one who does not go to sea.
Lanyard: A rope made fast to an article for securing it (knife lanyard, bucket lanyard, etc.), or for setting up rigging.
Lashing: A passing and repassing of a rope so as to confine or fasten together two or more objects; usuafly in the form of a bunch.
Launch: To place in the water.
Lay aloft: The order to go aloft (go up above).
Lazaretto: A low headroom space below decks used for provisions or spare parts, or miscellaneous storage.
Lee shore: The land to the leeward of the vessel (wind blows from the ship to the land).
Leeward: The direction away from the wind.
Liberty: Permission to be absent from the ship for a short period (authorized absence).
Life-line: A line secured along the deck to lay hold of in heavy weather; a line thrown on board a wreck by life-saving crew; a knotted line secured to the span between life-boat davits for the use of the crew when hoisting and lowering.
Line: A general term for light rope. 
Logbook: A book containing the official record of a ship's activities together with remarks concerning the state of the weather, etc.
Longitudinal: A fore and aft strength member of a ship's structure.
Longshoreman: A laborer who works at loading and discharging cargo.
Lookout: The man stationed aloft or in the bows for observing and reporting objects seen.
Loom: The part of an oar between the blade and handle. The reflection of a light below the horizon due to certain atmospheric conditions.
Loose: To unfurl.
Lubber line: The black line parallel with ship's keel marked on the inner surface of the bowl of a compass, indicating the compass direction of the ship's head.
Lurch: The sudden heave of the ship.
Lyle gun: A gun used in the life-saving services to throw a life line to a ship in distress or from ship to shore and used when a boat cannot be launched.
Make colors: Hoisting the ensign at 8 a.m. and down at sunset.
Make the course good: Steering; keeping the ship on the course given (no lazy steering).
Make the land: Landfall. To reach shore.
Make water: To leak; take in water.
Man ropes: Ropes hung and used for assistance in ascending and descending.
Manhole: An opening into a tank or compartment designed to admit a man.
Manila: Rope made from the fibers of the abaca plant.
Marlinspike: Pointed iron implement used in separating the strands of rope in splicing, marling, etc.
Maroon: To put a person ashore with no means of returning.
Marry: To temporarily sew the ends of two ropes together for rendering through a block. Also to grip together parts of a fall to prevent running out. To marry strands to prepare for splicing.
Mast step: The frame on the keelson of boat (does not apply on ships) to which the heel of a mast is fitted.
Master: A term for the captain, a holdover from the days when the captain was literally, and legally, the "master" of the ship and crew. His word was law.
Masthead light: The white running light carried by steam vessel underway on the foremast or in the forepart of the vessel.
Masthead: The top part of the mast.
Mess gear: Equipment used for serving meals.
Messenger: A light line used for hauling over a heavier rope or cable.
Messman: A member of the steward's department who served meals to officers and crew.
Mole: A breakwater used as a landing pier.
Monkey fist: A knot worked into the end of a heaving line (for weight).
Monkey island: A flying bridge on top of a pilothouse or chart house.
Mooring: Securing to a dock or to a buoy, or anchoring with two anchors.
Mother Carey's chickens: Small birds that foretell bad weather and bad luck.
Mousing: Small stuff seized across a hook to prevent it from unshipping (once hooked, mousing keeps the hook on).
Mud scow: A large, flat: bottomed boat used to carry the mud from a dredge.
Mushroom anchor: An anchor without stock and shaped like a mushroom.
Nantucket sleigh ride: A term for what frequently happened to Nantucket whalers when they left the whaling ship in a small boat to go after a whale. If they harpooned the whale without mortally wounding it, the animal took off with the whaleboat in tow.
Neptune: The mythical god of the sea.
Net tonnage: The cubical space available for carrying cargo and passengers.
Netting: A rope network.
Not under command: Said of a vessel when unable to maneuver.
Not under control: Same as not under command.
Oakum: Material used for caulking the seams of vessels and made from the loose fibers of old hemp rope.
Off and on: Standing toward the land and off again alternately.
Officer of the watch: The officer in charge of the watch.
Oil bag: A bag filled with oil and triced over the side for making a slick in a rough sea (to keep seas from breaking).
Oilskin: Waterproof clothing.
Old man: The captain of the ship.
On report: In trouble.
On soundings: Said of a vessel when the depth of water can be measured by the lead (within the 100 fathom curve).
Ordinary seaman: The beginning grade for members of the deck department. The next step is able bodied seaman.
Out of trim: Not properly trimmed or ballasted (not on even keel; listing).
Outboard: Towards the sides of the vessel (with reference to the centerline).
Over-all: The extreme deck fore and aft measurement of a vessel.
Overhang: The projection of the stern beyond the sternpost and of the bow beyond the stem.
Overhaul: Get gear in condition for use; to separate the blocks of a tackle to lengthen the fall (ready for use again).
Overtaking: Said of a vessel when she is passing or overtaking another vessel.
Pad eye: A metal eye permanently secured to a deck or bulkhead (for mooring any blocks and tackle).
Painter: A short piece of rope secured in the bow of a small boat used for making her fast.
Palm and needle: A seaman's sewing outfit for heavy work.
Part: To break. 
Pass a line: To reeve and secure a line.
Pass a stopper: To reeve and secure a stopper (hold a strain on a line while transferring it).
Pass down the line: Relay to all others in order (a signal repeated from one ship to the next astern in column).
Pass the word: To repeat an order for information to the crew.
Pay off: To turn the bow away from the wind; to pay the crew.
Pay out: To slack out a line made fast on board (let it out slowly).
Pay: To fill the seams of a vessel with pitch.
Pier head jump: Making a ship just as it is about to sail.
Pile: A pointed spar driven into the bottom and projecting above the water; when driven at the corners of a dock, they are termed fender piles.
Pilot boat: A power or sailing boat used by pilots (men who have local knowledge of navigation hazards of ports).
Pin: The metal axle of a block upon which the sheave revolves.
Pitch: A tar substance obtained from the pine tree and used in paying the seams of a vessel. Motion of vessel.
Pitting: Areas of corrosion.
Planking: Broad planks used to cover a wooden vessel's sides, or covering the deck beams. 
Plait: To braid; used with small stuff.
Play: Freedom of movement.
Plimsoll mark: A figure marked on the side of merchant vessels to indicate allowed loading depths. Named after Samuel Plimsoll, English Member of Parliament and maritime reformer.
Plug: A wooden wedge fitting into a drainage hole in the bottom of a boat for the purpose of draining the boat when she is out of water.
Point: To taper the end of a rope; one of the 32 divisions of the compass card. To head close to the wind.
Poop deck: A partial deck at the stern above the main deck, derived from the Latin "puppio" for the sacred deck where the "pupi" or doll images of the deities were kept.
Pooped: An opening in a ship's side, such as an air port, or cargo port.
Port side: The left side of a vessel when looking forward.
Port: The left side of the ship.
Posh: elegant, luxurious. Originally an acronym for Port Over Starboard Home. Created by British travelers to India or Australia, describing the preferred accommodations aboard ship, which lessened effects of the tropical sun on the cabins during the voyage.
Pouring oil on troubled waters: Heavy-weather practice of pouring oil on the sea so as to form a film on the surface, thus preventing the seas from breaking. To smooth out some difficulty.
Pratique: A permit by the port doctor for an incoming vessel, being clear of contagious disease, to have the liberty of the port.
Preventer: A rope used for additional support or for additional securing, e.g., preventer stay.
Pricker: Small marlinespike.
Privileged vessel: One which has the right of way.
Prolonged blast: A blast of from 4 to 6 seconds' duration.
Prow: The part of the bow above the water.
Punt: A rectangular flat- bottomed boat used by vessels for painting the ship's side and general use around the ship's water: line, fitted with oar-locks on each side and usually propelled by sculling.
Purchase: A tackle (blocks and falls).
Put to sea: To leave port.
Quarantine: Restricted or prohibited intercourse due to contagious disease.
Quarter: That portion of a vessel's side near the stern.
Quartering sea: A sea on the quarter (coming from a side of the stern).
Quarters bill: A vessel's station bill showing duties of crew.
Quarters: Living compartments.
Quay: A cargo-discharging wharf.
Rake: The angle of a vessel's masts from the vertical.
Ratline: A short length of small rope "ratline stuff" running horizontally across shrouds, for a ladder step.
Reef: To reduce the area of a sail by making fast the reef points (used in rough weather).
Reeve: To pass the end of a rope through any lead such as a sheave or fair: lead.
Registry: The ship's certificate determining the ownership and nationality of the vessel. Relieving tackle: A tackle of double and single blocks rove with an endless line and used to relieve the strain on the steering engine in heavy weather or emergency.
Ride: To lie at anchor; to ride out; to safely weather a storm whether at anchor or underway.
Rig: A general description of a vessel's upper: works; to fit out.
Rigging: A term applied to ship’s ropes generally. 
Right: To return to a normal position, as a vessel righting after heeling over.
Ringbolt: A bolt fitted with a ring through its eye, used for securing, running, rigging, etc.
Rips: A disturbance of surface water by conflicting current or by winds.
Rise and shine: A call to turn out of bunks.
Roaring forties: That geographical belt located approximately in 40 degrees south latitude in which are encountered the prevailing or stormy westerlies.
Rudder post: That part of a rudder by which it is pivoted to the sternpost.
Run down: To collide with a vessel head on.
Rustbucket: Sailors' term for an old ship that needed a lot of paint and repairs.
Sailing free: Sailing other than close; hauled or into the wind (wind astern).
Salty character: A nautical guy, often a negative connotation.
Salvage: To save a vessel or cargo from total loss after an accident; recompense for having saved a ship or cargo from danger.
Scale: To climb up. A formation of rust over iron or steel plating.
School: A large body of fish.
Scuppers: Openings in the side of a ship to carry off water from the waterways or from the drains.
Scuttle: To sink a vessel by boring holes in her bottom or by opening sea valves.
Scuttle butt: The container of fresh water for drinking purpose used by the crew; formerly it consisted of a cask.
Scuttle butt story: An unauthoritative story (a tall story).
Sea anchor: A drag (drogue) thrown over to keep a vessel to the wind and sea.
Sea chest: A sailor's trunk; the intake between the ship's side and a sea valve.
Sea dog: An old sailor.
Sea going: Capable of going to sea.
Sea lawyer: A seaman who is prone to argue, especially against recognized authority (big mouth).
Sea painter: A line leading from forward on the ship and secured to a forward inboard thwart of the boat in such a way as to permit quick release.
Seaworthy: Capable of putting to sea and able to meet sea conditions.
Secure for sea: Prepare for going to sea, extra lashing on all movable objects.
Secure: To make fast; safe; the completion of a drill or exercise on board ship.
Seize: To bind with small rope.
Semaphore: Flag signaling with the arms.
Set the course: To give the steersman the desired course to be steered.
Set up rigging: To take in the slack and secure the standing rigging.
Settle: To lower, sink deeper.
Shackle: A U-shaped piece of iron or steel with eyes in the end closed by a shackle pin.
Shaft alley: Covered tunnels within a ship through which the tail shafts pass.
Shake a leg: An order to make haste.
Shakedown cruise: A cruise of a new ship for the purpose of testing out all machinery, etc. Shank: The main piece of the anchor having the arms at the bottom and the Jew's harp at the top.
Shanghaied: The practice of obtaining a crew by means of force. Crews were hard to get for long voyages, and when the unwilling shipmate regained consciousness, he found himself bound for some remote port, such as Shanghai. One who is forced to do something against his will.
Shape a course: To ascertain the proper course to be steered to make the desired point or port. Shark's mouth: The opening in an awning around the mast.
Sheave: The wheel of the block over which the fall of the block is rove.
Sheer: A sudden change. The longitudinal dip of the vessel's main deck.
Sheet: The rope used to spread the clew of head sails and to control the boom of boom sails. 
Shell: The casing of a block within which the sheave revolves.
Ship: To enlist; to send on board cargo; to put in place; to take on board.
Ships time: Ships time was counted by the half hour, starting at midnight. A half hour after twelve was one bell; one o'clock, two bells; and so on until four o'clock, which was eight bells. The counting then started over again, with 4:30 being one bell.
Short stay: When the scope of chain is slightly greater than the depth of water.
Shorthanded: Without sufficient crew.
Shot: A short length of chain, usually 15 fathoms (90 feet). (Method of measuring chain.)
Shove in your oar: To break into a conversation.
Shrouds: Side stays from the masthead to the rail..
Side lights: The red and green running lights, carried on the port and starboard sides respectively, of vessels under-way.
Sing out: To call out.
Sister hooks: Two iron flatsided hooks reversed to one another.
Skids: Beams sometimes fitted over the decks for the stowage of heavy boats or cargo.
Skipper: The captain.
Sky pilot: A chaplain.
Skylight: A covering, either permanent or removable, to admit air and light below decks.
Slack: The part of a rope hanging loose; the opposite of taut.
Slack water: The condition of the tide when there is no horizontal motion. 
Slip: To let go by unshackling, as a cable.
Slop chest: Stock of merchandise, such as clothing, tobacco, etc., maintained aboard merchant ships for sale to the crew 
Slush: White-lead and tallow used on standing rigging.
Smart: Snappy, seamanlike; a smart ship is an efficient one.
Smothering lines: Pipe lines to a compartment for smothering a fire by steam or by a chemical.
Snatch: block: A single block fitted so that the shell or hook hinges to permit the bight of a rope to be passed through.
Snub: To check suddenly.
Sny: A small toggle used on a flag.
Sound: To measure the depth of the water with a lead. Also said of a whale when it dives to the bottom.
Sound out a person: To obtain his reaction to something.
Southwester: An oil-skin hat with broad rear brim.
Span: A wire rope or line between davit heads.
Spanner: A tool for coupling hoses.
Sparks: The radio operator.
Speak: To communicate with a vessel in sight.
Spill: To empty the wind out of a sail.
Splice: The joining of two ends of a rope or ropes by so intertwining the strands, as but slightly to increase the diameter of the rope.
Spring line: Usually of the best wire hawsers; one of the first lines sent out in mooring. "Springs in and springs out" a vessel.
Squall: A sudden and violent gust of wind.
Squeegee: A deck dryer composed of a flat piece of wood shod with rubber, and a handle. Stanchions: Wooden or metal uprights used as supports (posts).
Stack: The ship's funnel or smokestack.
Stand by: A preparatory order (wait: be ready).
Standard compass: The magnetic compass used by the navigator as a standard.
Standing part: That part of a line or fall which is secured.
Standing rigging: That part of the ship's rigging which is permanently secured and not movable, such as stay, shrouds, etc.
Starboard The right side of the ship.
Station bill: The posted bill showing stations of the crew at maneuvers and emergency drills. 
Staunch: Still, seaworthy, able.
Stay: A rope of hemp, wire or iron leading forward or aft for supporting a mast.
Steady: An order to hold a vessel on the course she is heading.
Steerage way: The slowest speed at which a vessel steers.
Steering wheel: The wheel operating the steering gear and by which the vessel is steered.
Stem the tide: Stemming the tide or sea means to head the vessel's bow directly into the current or waves. Overcome adverse circumstances.
Stem: The timber at the extreme forward part of a boat secured to the forward end of the keel.
Stern anchor: An anchor carried at the stern.
Stern board: Progress backwards.
Stern: The after part of the vessel (back of).
Stevedore: A professional cargo loader and unloader.
Stopper: A short length of rope secured at one end, and used in securing or checking a running rope, e.g., deck stopper, boat fall stopper, etc.
Storeroom: The space provided for stowage of provisions or other materials.
Storm warning: An announced warning of an approach of a storm.
Stove: Broken in.
Stow: To put in place.
Stowaway: A person illegally aboard and in hiding.
Strake: A continuous planking or plating fitted out to and from stem to stern of a vessel's side.
Strand: A number of yarns, twisted together and which in turn may be twisted into rope; a rope is stranded when a strain is broken; rope may be designated by the number of strands composing. Rope is commonly three-stranded. A vessel run ashore is said to be stranded.
Strap: A ring of rope made by splicing the ends, and used for slinging weights, holding the parts of a block together, etc. A rope, wire or iron binding, encircling a block and with a thimble seized into it for taking a hook. Small straps used to attach a handybilly to the hauling part of a line.
Strongback: A light spar set fore and aft on a boat, serving as a spread for the boat cover.
Surge: To ease a line to prevent it from parting or pulling, meanwhile holding the strain.
Swab: A mop.
Swamp: Sink by filling with water.
Swell: A large wave.
Swing ship: The evolution of swinging a ship's head through several headings to obtain compass errors for the purpose of making a deviation table.
Swinging over: Swing of the boom from one side of the ship to the other when the tack is changed.

Taffrail log: The log mounted on the taffrail and consisting of a rotator, a log line and recording device (to measure distance run through the water).
Tail shaft: The after section of the propeller shaft.
Take a turn: To pass a turn around a belaying pin or cleat.
Take in: To lower and furl the sails.
Taking on more than you can carry: Loaded with more cargo than a ship can safely navigate with. Drunk.
Tanker: A ship designed to carry various types of liquid cargo, from oil and gasoline to molasses, water, and vegetable oil.
Tarpaulin: Heavy canvas used as a covering.
Taut: With no slack; strict as to discipline.
That's high: An order to stop hoisting.
Thimble: An iron ring with a groove on the outside for a rope grommet or splice. 
Three sheets to the wind: Sailing with three sheet ropes running free, thus making the ship barely able to keep headway and control. Drunk.
Throwing a Fish: Saluting
Thwart: The athwartships seats in a boat on which oars-men sit.
Thwartships: At right angles to the fore and aft line (across the ship).
Toggle: A small piece of wood or bar of iron inserted in a knot to render it more secure, or to make it more readily unfastened or slipped. 
Top-heavy: Too heavy aloft.
Tow: To pull through water; vessels towed.
Track: The path of the vessel.
Trades: The practically steady winds blowing toward the equator, N.E. in the northern and SE. in the southern hemisphere.
Trice: To lash up.
Tricing line: A line used for suspending articles.
Trick: The period of time during which the wheelsman remains at the wheel.
Trim: The angle to the horizontal at which a vessel rides.
Trip: To let go.
Tripping line: A line used for capsizing the sea anchor and hauling it in.
Truck: The flat circular piece secured on the top of the mast.
Tug boat: A small vessel fitted for towing.
Turn in all standing: Go to bed without undressing.
Turn to: An order to commence ship's work.
Turn turtle: To capsize.
Turn-buckle: A metal appliance consisting of a thread and screw capable of being set up or slacked back and used for setting up on rigging.
Two blocks: When the two blocks of a tackle have been drawn as close together as possible.
Umbrella: The cone-shaped shield at the top of the smokestack.
Unbend: To untie.
Under below: A warning from aloft (heads up).
Undermanned: Insufficient number of crew; shorthanded.
Undertow: A subsurface current in a surf.
Underway: Said of a vessel when not at anchor, nor made fast to the shore, or aground.
Unship: To take apart or to remove from its place.
Unwatched: Said of a lighthouse not tended.
Up anchor: Hoist or haul in the anchor.
Vast: An order to cease (stop).
Veer: To slack off or move off; also said of a change of direction of wind, when the wind shifts to a different direction.
Ventilator cowl: The swiveled opening at the top of a ventilator.
Ventilator: A wooden or metal pipe used to supply or to exhaust air.
Waist: The portion of the deck between the forecastle and quarterdeck of a sailing vessel.
Wake: A vessel's track through the water.
Waste: Cotton yarn used for cleaning purposes.
Watch cap: A canvas cover secured over a funnel when not in use. Sailor's headwear, woolen type, capable of covering the ears in cold weather.
Watch officer: An officer taking his turn as officer of the watch.
Water breaker: A small cask carried in ship's boats for drinking purposes.
Water's edge: The surface of the water.
Water-logged: Filled with water but afloat.
Waterline: The line painted on the side of the vessel at the water's edge to indicate the proper trim.
Watertight: Capable of keeping out water.
Waterway: The gutter at the sides of a ship's deck to carry off water.
Weather eye: To keep a weather eye is to be on the alert (heads up).
Weather side: The windward side (from where the wind is blowing).
Weigh: Lift anchor off the bottom.
Well enough: An order meaning sufficient (enough).
Where away: A call requesting direction in answer to the report of a lookout that an object has been sighted.
Whipping: A method of preventing the ends of a line from unlaying or fraying by turns of small stuff, stout twine or seizing wire with the ends tucked.
White cap: The white froth on the crests of waves.
Wide berth: At a considerable distance.
Wildcat: A sprocket wheel on the windlass for taking links of the chain cable.
Winch: An engine for handling drafts of cargo secured on deck and fitted with drums on a horizontal axle.
Windlass: An anchor engine used for heaving in the chain cable and anchor.
Wiper: A general handyman in the engine room.
Yaw: To steer wildly or out of line of course.